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Enfermedades infecciosas en roedores

Enfermedades infecciosas en roedores

¿Sabías que los roedores llevan siglos siendo una amenaza para la salud pública?

Cuando hoy se habla del hantavirus, internet se llena rápidamente de noticias, vídeos y publicaciones relacionadas con los riesgos de esta enfermedad transmitida por el contacto directo o indirecto con roedores infectados. Sin embargo, centrar toda la atención únicamente en el hantavirus es quedarse con una pequeña parte del problema. Las ratas, ratones y otros roedores llevan siglos conviviendo con el ser humano y han sido históricamente uno de los mayores riesgos sanitarios para las ciudades y poblaciones humanas.

Su capacidad de adaptación es extraordinaria. Pueden vivir en alcantarillas, zonas agrícolas, almacenes, edificios abandonados o entornos urbanos densamente poblados. Esa cercanía constante con las personas los ha convertido en reservorios naturales de numerosas enfermedades infecciosas.

Un problema que viene desde hace siglos

La relación entre humanos y roedores siempre ha sido conflictiva. Ya en la antigüedad existían registros de plagas de ratas asociadas a problemas de higiene, contaminación de alimentos y propagación de enfermedades. Durante siglos, las ciudades crecieron sin sistemas adecuados de saneamiento, acumulando residuos y desperdicios que favorecían la proliferación de estos animales.

Uno de los episodios más conocidos fue la peste negra en la Europa medieval, donde las pulgas asociadas a roedores desempeñaron un papel clave en la expansión de la epidemia. Desde entonces, las ratas quedaron asociadas en el imaginario colectivo a las enfermedades y las grandes crisis sanitarias.

Rata negra (Rattus rattus) alimentándose de aceitunas en una vivienda privada de La Eliana (Valencia, España), mostrando la elevada adaptación de los roedores a entornos urbanos y residenciales.

Pero el problema no terminaba ahí. En determinadas épocas históricas, especialmente en zonas pobres y portuarias, las mordeduras de ratas eran relativamente frecuentes. Niños, ancianos o personas enfermas podían sufrir ataques mientras dormían, además del riesgo añadido de infecciones bacterianas transmitidas por estos animales.

Mucho más que un problema del pasado

Aunque hoy existen mejores sistemas de higiene y control sanitario, los roedores nunca han dejado de representar un problema importante. De hecho, las grandes ciudades modernas ofrecen condiciones ideales para su supervivencia: abundancia de alimento, refugios cálidos y acceso constante al agua. Una sola pareja de ratas puede generar cientos de descendientes en apenas un año. Además, son animales extremadamente inteligentes, capaces de adaptarse rápidamente a cambios en el entorno y evitar trampas o cebos si detectan peligro.

El impacto no es únicamente sanitario. Los roedores provocan importantes daños económicos al contaminar alimentos, destruir materiales, deteriorar infraestructuras o roer cableados eléctricos y sistemas industriales. En explotaciones agrícolas y almacenes alimentarios, su presencia puede generar pérdidas muy importantes. Sin embargo, el principal riesgo continúa siendo la transmisión de enfermedades.

Roedor 2
Roedor 3

Daños ocasionados por roedores del género Rattus en distintos entornos urbanos: mordedura sobre envase de medicamentos en un entorno hospitalario, daños en frutos cítricos en un parque urbano y deterioro de componentes plásticos de una bomba de agua en un vehículo. Estos comportamientos reflejan la elevada capacidad adaptativa y el impacto sanitario y económico asociado a las infestaciones de roedores.

Las enfermedades asociadas a los roedores

El hantavirus se ha convertido recientemente en uno de los temas más comentados en redes sociales y medios de comunicación, pero no es ni mucho menos la única enfermedad vinculada a estos animales.

Los roedores pueden actuar como reservorios y transmisores de diferentes bacterias, virus y parásitos capaces de afectar al ser humano. Entre las enfermedades más conocidas asociadas a ellos se encuentran:

  • Hantavirus 
  • Leptospirosis 
  • Salmonelosis
  • Fiebre por mordedura de rata 
  • Tifus murino 
  • Arenavirus 

En muchos casos, la transmisión no se produce por contacto directo con el animal, sino a través de la inhalación de partículas contaminadas con orina o heces secas, contaminación de alimentos o superficies, o mediante parásitos asociados como pulgas y garrapatas.

A closeup of a marsh rice rat under the sunlight with a blurry background

En el caso concreto del hantavirus, el contagio suele producirse al inhalar aerosoles contaminados procedentes de excrementos de roedores infectados. Aunque se trata de una enfermedad poco frecuente, puede provocar cuadros graves con afectación pulmonar o renal. Lo más preocupante es que muchos de estos animales portan los microorganismos sin presentar síntomas evidentes, actuando como reservorios naturales y facilitando su permanencia en el entorno.

Los estudios realizados en España

La preocupación por las enfermedades transmitidas por roedores también ha sido objeto de estudio en España durante los últimos años. Diversas investigaciones científicas han analizado poblaciones de roedores silvestres y urbanos para conocer qué agentes infecciosos circulan actualmente en diferentes zonas del país.

Algunos trabajos desarrollados en áreas agrícolas del noroeste español han permitido detectar y aislar patógenos como hantavirus, arenavirus y ortopoxvirus en especies de ratones y topillos silvestres. En concreto, encontraron evidencia de infección por hantavirus en topillos comunes, con una prevalencia promedio de 1,6%. Los investigadores destacan que estos animales pueden actuar como reservorios epidemiológicos capaces de mantener y dispersar microorganismos con potencial impacto sanitario.

Además, investigaciones recientes realizadas en ciudades españolas han identificado en ratas urbanas diferentes bacterias, virus y parásitos con capacidad zoonótica, es decir, potencialmente transmisibles al ser humano. Entre los microorganismos detectados se encuentran Leptospira, Blastocystis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., distintas especies de Bartonella e incluso el denominado “rat hepatitis E virus” (ratHEV), un virus emergente que actualmente se encuentra bajo vigilancia científica debido a su posible impacto en salud pública. Otros estudios desarrollados en Barcelona también detectaron al menos seis helmintos zoonóticos: Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae, Rodentolepis nanaHymenolepis diminutaCalodium hepaticumGongylonema neoplasticum, and Moniliformis moniliformis en poblaciones de ratas urbanas. Estos trabajos refuerzan la idea de que los roedores no representan únicamente una molestia urbana, sino un importante reservorio de agentes infecciosos que requieren vigilancia constante.

Uno de los aspectos que más preocupa a los investigadores es la enorme capacidad de adaptación de las ratas a entornos urbanos y periurbanos. Su presencia en alcantarillados, zonas industriales, almacenes o áreas con actividad humana constante facilita la circulación y persistencia de estos agentes infecciosos en el entorno.

Un riesgo silencioso que sigue presente

A pesar de los avances en higiene, saneamiento y control de plagas, los roedores continúan formando parte del entorno humano. Su enorme capacidad de adaptación les ha permitido sobrevivir durante siglos y seguir presentes tanto en zonas rurales como urbanas.

El reciente interés social por el hantavirus ha vuelto a poner el foco sobre estos animales, pero el verdadero problema va mucho más allá de una única enfermedad. Las ratas y ratones continúan representando un riesgo sanitario, ambiental y económico que requiere vigilancia constante y medidas preventivas eficaces.

wolfgangvogt_lb-brown-rat-2115585_1920

Aunque en España no existen actualmente evidencias concluyentes de circulación estable de hantavirus en poblaciones urbanas de Rattus norvegicus o Rattus rattus, algunos estudios epidemiológicos y serológicos realizados desde los años noventa han detectado evidencias de infección por hantavirus en distintos roedores presentes en el país. La mayoría de las investigaciones recientes se han centrado especialmente en micromamíferos silvestres, como topillos y ratones de campo, donde sí se ha confirmado la presencia de diferentes hantavirus y otros agentes zoonóticos de interés sanitario.

Roedores 4

La rata parda (Rattus norvegicus) es una de las especies de roedores urbanos más extendidas del mundo y puede actuar como reservorio de numerosos agentes patógenos de interés sanitario.

Por ello, la prevención y el control profesional siguen siendo herramientas fundamentales para minimizar riesgos en viviendas, empresas, industrias e instalaciones públicas. Desde SASTI, como empresa especializada en Sanidad Ambiental, trabajamos en la prevención y control de plagas mediante soluciones adaptadas a cada entorno, contribuyendo a crear espacios más seguros, saludables y protegidos frente a amenazas que muchas veces pasan desapercibidas, pero que siguen formando parte de nuestro día a día.

Referencias consultadas

Segura, F. et al. (2002) ‘Un nuevo caso de enfermedad por hantavirus en España?’, Revista clínica espanõla, 202(3), pp. 181–181.

Obiegala A, Heuser E, Ryll R, Imholt C, Fürst J, Prautsch LM, Plenge-Bönig A, Ulrich RG, Pfeffer M. Norway and black rats in Europe: potential reservoirs for zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogens? Pest Manag Sci. 2019, 75(6):1556-1563. doi: 10.1002/ps.5323. 

Fuentes, M.V.; Puchades-Colera, P.; Gosálvez, C.; Sáez-Durán, S.; Cholvi-Simó, M.; Ruvira, S.; Sanxis-Furió, J.; Pascual, J.; Bueno-Marí, R.; Franco, S.; et al. The Role of the Norway Rat, Rattus norvegicus, as a Reservoir of Zoonotic Helminth Species in the City of Barcelona (Spain). Animals 2025, 15, 298. 

Galán-Puchades MT, Gómez-Samblás M, Suárez-Morán JM, Osuna A, Sanxis-Furió J, Pascual J, Bueno-Marí R, Franco S, Peracho V, Montalvo T, Fuentes MV. Leishmaniasis in Norway Rats in Sewers, Barcelona, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019, 25(6):1222-1224. 

Herrero-Cófreces S, Mougeot F, Sironen T, Meyer H, Rodríguez-Pastor R, Luque-Larena JJ. Viral Zoonoses in Small Wild Mammals and Detection of Hantavirus, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022, 28(6):1294-1296. 

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